Docker+Kubernetes生产环境部署完全指南

前言

Docker和Kubernetes已成为现代应用部署的标准基础设施。本文从Docker基础到K8s集群搭建，涵盖容器编排、服务发现、负载均衡、自动扩缩容等生产环境必备技能。

一、Docker基础

1.1 Dockerfile最佳实践

# 多阶段构建，减小镜像体积
FROM node:18-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM node:18-alpine
WORKDIR /app
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S appgroup && \
    adduser -S appuser -u 1001 -G appgroup
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/package.json .
USER appuser
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

1.2 Docker Compose编排

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
  app:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/mydb
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started
    restart: unless-stopped
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 512M
          cpus: '0.5'

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine
    volumes:
      - pgdata:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: mydb
      POSTGRES_USER: user
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: pass
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U user"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    volumes:
      - redisdata:/data

volumes:
  pgdata:
  redisdata:

二、Kubernetes集群搭建

2.1 使用kubeadm初始化集群

# 所有节点执行
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl

# 安装containerd
sudo apt-get install -y containerd
sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd
containerd config default | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml
sudo sed -i 's/SystemdCgroup = false/SystemdCgroup = true/' /etc/containerd/config.toml
sudo systemctl restart containerd

# 安装kubeadm, kubelet, kubectl
curl -fsSL https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.30/deb/Release.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg
echo 'deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.30/deb/ /' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl

2.2 初始化Master节点

# 初始化集群
sudo kubeadm init \
  --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
  --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \
  --apiserver-advertise-address=

# 配置kubectl
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

# 安装网络插件（Calico）
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectcalico/calico/v3.26.1/manifests/calico.yaml

# 验证集群
kubectl get nodes
kubectl get pods -A

三、应用部署

3.1 Deployment配置

# deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: myapp
  namespace: production
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: myapp
        image: registry.example.com/myapp:v1.0.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 3000
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: "256Mi"
            cpu: "250m"
          limits:
            memory: "512Mi"
            cpu: "500m"
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 3000
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          periodSeconds: 10
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /ready
            port: 3000
          initialDelaySeconds: 5
          periodSeconds: 5
        env:
        - name: DATABASE_URL
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: myapp-secrets
              key: database-url

3.2 Service和Ingress

# service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 3000
  type: ClusterIP

---
# ingress.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: myapp-ingress
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: "letsencrypt-prod"
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - app.example.com
    secretName: myapp-tls
  rules:
  - host: app.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: myapp-service
            port:
              number: 80

四、自动扩缩容

4.1 HPA（水平Pod自动扩缩）

# hpa.yaml
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: myapp-hpa
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: myapp
  minReplicas: 2
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 70
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: memory
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 80

五、监控与日志

5.1 Prometheus + Grafana监控

# 安装kube-prometheus-stack
helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo update

kubectl create namespace monitoring

helm install prometheus prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack \
  --namespace monitoring \
  --set grafana.adminPassword=admin123

# 访问Grafana
kubectl port-forward -n monitoring svc/prometheus-grafana 3000:80

5.2 日志收集（Loki）

# 安装Loki
helm repo add grafana https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts
helm install loki grafana/loki-stack \
  --namespace monitoring \
  --set promtail.enabled=true

六、生产环境清单

K8s生产环境Checklist：

✅ 集群高可用（多Master节点）
✅ 网络策略（NetworkPolicy）
✅ RBAC权限控制
✅ Secret管理（外部密钥管理）
✅ 资源限制（Resource Quotas）
✅ 监控告警（Prometheus + AlertManager）
✅ 日志收集（Loki/ELK）
✅ 备份恢复（Velero）
✅ CI/CD流水线（ArgoCD）

总结

Docker+Kubernetes是现代应用部署的标准方案。掌握容器化和编排技术，可以显著提升开发效率和系统可靠性。如果需要专业的容器化部署服务，欢迎联系17老师。

关于17老师：AI应用·数字化管理·全栈开发·网络安全全栈专家。联系邮箱：j.d88888888@qq.com，微信：AFIST17